In Canada, some unionized employees are prohibited from striking under provincial labour laws that are often referred to as essential services legislation. This includes certain first responders, such as police officers. With the right to strike out of the question, some of these employees have tried other means to raise awareness of ongoing labour issues.
Since the mid-1970s in Quebec, for example, police officers have worn jeans, baseballs caps, cowboy hats and, most recently, camouflage pants and red caps, while on duty, to collectively protest ongoing government changes to pensions and wages. The act of donning a red cap and camo pants has become a cultural staple within Quebec’s first responders even making an appearance on a 2016 episode of Quebec television show 19-2.
The question recently answered by the Superior Court of Quebec is, “If a government passes a law prohibiting a peace officer from altering any part of their standard-issue uniform, is this a violation of the officer’s constitutionally protected freedom of expression or association?” The court’s answer was yes.
Quebec’s Law 20 for police uniforms
In 2017, the government of Quebec introduced Law 20 prohibiting a police officer or special constable from substituting or altering any element of their standard issued uniform, with monetary fines as high as $3,000 per day, for a violation.
Several public sector unions challenged Law 20 as a violation of their members’ rights to freedom of expression and freedom of association under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (the charter) and the Quebec Charter of Rights and Freedoms, in Federation of Municipal Police Officers of Quebec c. Attorney General of Quebec, 2023 QCCS 333.
In defense of the law, the Attorney General of Quebec (PGQ) argued two things:
- Wearing a uniform is not a right, but a privilege linked to the exercise of public authority, and a member of the public must be able to properly identify a police officer on patrol.
- Preventing a police officer from altering their uniform does not limit their ability to express their concerns or their right to associate.
The PGQ also argued that even if Law 20 violated the rights of members, the law could be justified as a reasonable limit under s. 1 of the charter because:
- The law had a pressing and substantial objective.
- The effect of the law was rationally connected to that objective.
- The law minimally impaired the rights of the affected individuals.
- The law’s benefit outweighed its detrimental impact on the rights of the individual.
Law 20 found to be unconstitutional
On Aug. 30, 2023, the Superior Court of Quebec struck down Law 20 as unconstitutional, rejecting each of the PGQ’s arguments including that Law 20 could be saved under s. 1 of the charter.
On the PGQ’s first argument, the court held, “The court considers that the existence of constitutional guarantees does not imply a distinction between a right or privilege, such as that constitutional protection applies to police officers in uniform. [emphasis added]”
On the PGQ’s second argument, the court held:
“The appeal relates to a negative right, it being understood that police officers request not to be subject to provisions prohibiting them from any substitution or alteration of the uniform, restricting their freedom of expression…
Further, the Law also contravenes, in a substantial way, their freedom of association because they prohibit collective activities which imply the affirmation and autonomy of police officers in concerted action, as well as raising public awareness of their demands, i.e collective objectives essential to the true process of collective negotiation.”
Regarding s. 1 of the charter, while Law 20 had a substantial and pressing objective to maintain public confidence and safety in a police officer, and a rational connection to its purpose, the court held the law did not minimally impair a police officer’s rights as it required “no substitutions or alterations of any kind.” In the absence of the right to strike, Law 20 therefore took away a police officer’s only other meaningful way of drawing attention to ongoing negotiation issues.
Finally, the court held the effect of the law was disproportionately detrimental to the freedom of expression and freedom of association of a police officer, compared to any advantage the law may have brought.
As of the date this article was prepared, the Attorney General of Quebec does not appear to have appealed the decision.
Daniel Averbach is a lawyer with Sherrard Kuzz LLP, a management-side employment and labour law firms in Toronto. For more information call (416) 603-0700 (Main), (416) 420-0738 (24 Hour) or by visiting www.sherrardkuzz.com.
